Chihuahua

People usually start looking into Chihuahuas for one of two reasons: they’re considering bringing one home, or they’re trying to understand the tiny dog already living under their roof. Either way, the details matter. A Chihuahua’s size makes day-to-day life easy in some ways, but it also magnifies the consequences of rough handling, missed dental care, and preventable weight gain.

Below is a clear, practical guide to what a Chihuahua is (and isn’t), how big they typically are, what kind of temperament to expect, and the health checks that keep this breed comfortable for the long haul.

Chihuahua at a glance

• Breed group: Toy
• Country of origin: Mexico
• Height: Not specified in many breed standards; most adults are around 15–23 cm at the withers (varies with build)
• Weight: Breed standards commonly set an upper limit around 2.7 kg (6 lb).^{1, 2}
• Typical lifespan: Often around 14–16 years, with individuals sometimes living longer.³
• Coat: Smooth coat or long coat

History and origin

The Chihuahua takes its name from the Mexican state of Chihuahua, where small dogs of this type were documented in the 1800s. The breed is often linked to the Techichi, a small companion dog kept in ancient Mesoamerica; that connection is widely repeated, but the exact lineage is difficult to prove with certainty, so it’s best treated as informed tradition rather than a neat family tree.⁴

Physical characteristics

A well-bred Chihuahua is compact and alert, with a rounded “apple dome” head, large upright ears, and expressive eyes. The overall impression is small but not delicate-looking: a balanced body, a level topline, and movement that stays brisk and efficient rather than mincing.

Size and weight: what’s normal?

For show standards, the Chihuahua is typically expected to weigh no more than about 2.7 kg (6 lb), though pet dogs can be heavier while still being healthy if they’re not carrying excess fat and are built soundly.^{1, 2} When people market “teacup” or “micro” Chihuahuas, they’re using informal terms, not recognised categories.

Colours and patterns

Chihuahuas come in many colours and combinations. However, some major breed standards specifically exclude merle colouring (often called “dapple”).^{2, 5} Beyond the paperwork, the merle gene can be associated with serious eye and ear defects, particularly when two merle dogs are bred together (producing “double merle” offspring).⁶

Temperament and personality

Chihuahuas tend to be bright, watchful little dogs. Many form strong attachments to one or two people and prefer close contact and predictable routines. They’re often quick to notice movement and sound, which is why they can seem “on duty” at the window or front door.

Temperament varies with genetics, early socialisation, and handling. A Chihuahua that’s carried constantly, startled often, or allowed to rehearse barking and snapping can become reactive. One that’s gently exposed to the world—feet on the ground, calm introductions, clear boundaries—often settles into a confident companion.

Training and exercise needs

Chihuahuas don’t need marathon walks, but they do need daily movement and steady training. Their minds stay busy even when their legs don’t go far, and boredom can show up as barking, clinginess, or nuisance behaviour.

Training approach that works

• Keep sessions short (a few minutes at a time) and frequent.
• Use reward-based training (treats, praise, play). Harsh corrections can backfire in a small, easily startled dog.
• Teach handling skills early: paws, mouth, brushing, harnessing. It pays off at the vet and groomer.
• Socialise thoughtfully: calm, controlled exposure to people, dogs, surfaces, and sounds—without overwhelming them.

Exercise: what “low” really means

Most adult Chihuahuas do well with one or two short walks plus indoor play. The key is consistency, not distance. Weight gain in toy breeds can arrive quietly and then strain joints, breathing, and heat tolerance.

Health concerns to know about

Chihuahuas are often long-lived, but they’re not “low-maintenance” medically. Their small size concentrates risk in a few predictable areas.

Dental disease (very common in small dogs)

Periodontal disease is one of the most common medical conditions seen in dogs, and toy breeds are at higher risk. It can start early and progress quietly—bad breath is often the first sign owners notice.^{7, 8} Daily toothbrushing is the single most effective home measure, backed by professional veterinary dental care when needed.^{7, 8}

Patellar luxation (kneecap slipping)

Patellar luxation can range from a mild occasional “skip” to persistent lameness, and treatment depends on severity. Mild cases may be managed conservatively, while moderate to severe cases may require surgery.⁹

Tracheal collapse (airway weakness)

Tracheal collapse is seen most often in toy and miniature breeds and can cause a dry, honking cough and breathing difficulty. Excess weight can worsen signs, and management may include weight control, medication, and reducing excitement triggers.¹⁰

Obesity

In a Chihuahua, a small amount of extra weight is a large percentage of their body mass. It can aggravate airway disease, worsen joint problems, and reduce heat tolerance. Regular weigh-ins and portion control matter more than people expect.

Grooming and day-to-day care

Chihuahuas are generally straightforward to groom, but they benefit from frequent, gentle handling.

• Brushing: Smooth coats usually need a quick brush weekly; long coats need more frequent brushing to prevent tangles.
• Nails: Trim regularly. Overlong nails change posture and can contribute to sore feet and altered gait.
• Ears: Check weekly for redness, discharge, or odour.
• Teeth: Brush daily if possible; aim for consistency over perfection.^{7, 8}

Choosing and adopting a Chihuahua: practical considerations

A Chihuahua suits many households, including apartments, but they’re not automatically “easy” dogs. Their small bodies are vulnerable, and their confidence is shaped by how they’re treated.

Quick checks before you commit

• Children in the home: Small dogs can be injured by rough or clumsy handling. Close supervision is essential, and some small dogs are uncomfortable with unpredictable contact.¹¹
• Noise tolerance: Many are naturally alert and can be vocal without training and routine.
• Dental budget: Plan for preventative care and the possibility of professional dental work over a lifetime.^{7, 8}
• Avoid “rare colour” pressure: Prioritise health testing, stable temperament, and sound structure over novelty—especially where merle is involved.^{2, 5, 6}

Final thoughts

A Chihuahua is small enough to travel easily and live comfortably in tight spaces, but they still need the full rhythm of dog life: daily movement, training, social exposure, and calm rules that make the world predictable. Get the basics right—teeth, weight, gentle handling—and this breed often rewards you with many steady years at your side.^{3, 7}

References

1. Chihuahua Club of America — Official Breed Standard (weight not to exceed 6 pounds)
2. Australian National Kennel Council (via ChihuahuaWorld) — Chihuahua breed standard notes (weight up to 2.7 kg; merle excluded)
3. American Kennel Club — Chihuahua lifespan overview
4. Encyclopaedia Britannica — Chihuahua (history and origin overview)
5. Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) — Chihuahua Standard No. 218 (colour excludes merle; weight limits)
6. The Kennel Club (UK) — Merle and associated health risks (eyes/ears; breeding considerations)
7. World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) — Global Dental Guidelines
8. Merck Veterinary Manual (Professional) — Periodontal disease in small animals (prevalence; toy-breed risk; prevention)
9. Merck Veterinary Manual — Patellar luxation in dogs and cats
10. Merck Veterinary Manual (Pet Owner) — Tracheal collapse in dogs
11. RSPCA Pet Insurance Australia — Considerations when choosing a dog (size, children, supervision)